abandon

【词义】

vt（及物动词）
#To withdraw one's support or help from, especially in spite of duty, allegiance, or responsibility; desert:
放弃，抛弃：不顾义务，忠诚或责任而不予支持或帮助；遗弃：
abandon a friend in trouble.
抛弃处于危难中的朋友
#To give up by leaving or ceasing to operate or inhabit, especially as a result of danger or other impending threat:
离弃，丢弃：通过离开、停止操作或不再居住而放弃，特别是危险或迫近的威胁所导致的结果：
abandoned the ship.
弃船
#To surrender one's claim to, right to, or interest in; give up entirely.
使屈从：使某人放弃要求、权利或兴趣；完全放弃
#To cease trying to continue; desist from:
停止进行；终止：
abandoned the search for the missing hiker.
放弃搜寻走失的远足者
#To yield (oneself) completely, as to emotion.
完全屈从：完全屈从，如情感

n.（名词）
#Unbounded enthusiasm; exuberance.
放任，放纵：无限制的激情；充溢
#A complete surrender of inhibitions.
完全屈从于压制

【记忆方法】a+bandon: a[without]+bandon [control]
【同义词】（Synonyms）:desert, forsake, jettison, reject, renounce, repudiate
【反义词】（antonyms）：preserve,conserve, reclaim

【同义词辨析】
1.abondon 的确切含义是失去控制，或丧失了占有的能力，或“放弃”某物而不准备再要了。
and since most medical men in the Health Services are overworked and have little time for offering time-consuming and littleappreciated advice on such subjects as diet, right living, and the need for abandoning bad habits, …。
…因为卫生部门多数医务工作者都过度疲劳，他们几乎没有时间提供诸如食谱、正确的起居和克服坏习惯的必要性等方面的既费时间又不被赏识的意见…。

2.desert 的确切含义是“过去占有过”或“过去是伙伴”。狭义地讲，这个词指“抛弃自己的义务”。
a deserted village
空无一人的村庄
a deserted street at night
夜里无人的大街
the deserted wife and children
被遗弃的妻子儿女
As he hated army life, he decide to desert his regiment.
因为他嫌恶军队生活，所以他决心背弃自己所在的那个团。
Few things could be more impressive than the peace that descends on deserted city streets at week-ends when the thousands that travel to work every day are tucked away in their homes in the country.
每当周末，那些天天远道赶来上班的数千人们，又躲进乡下自己的家里。此刻有一种宁静的气氛笼罩着那无人的大街。它给人们的感受是无与伦比的。

3.forsake 通常表示与某人或某物脱离联系。
to forsake one's former belief
放弃过去的信仰
to forsake one's old friend
背离老朋友
He was forsaken smoking for years.
他戒烟已有多年了。

4. renounce 强调指指通过正式声明和宣布后放弃，与……断绝关系
He renounced his claim to the property.
他宣布正式放弃财产所有权。
He renounced his religion.
他宣布背弃原来的信仰。

5.repudiate 除了有“和……断绝关系和交往的意思”，还有拒绝付债、法律上的驳倒、否认的意思
repudiate a debt.
拒绝清偿债务
repudiated the accusation.
驳斥控诉

dormant

adj.（形容词）
【词义】
#Lying asleep or as if asleep; inactive.
不活跃的：睡着的，似睡着的；不活跃的
#Latent but capable of being activated:
潜在的：潜在的但能够被激活的：
“a harrowing experience which . . . lay dormant but still menacing”(Charles Jackson)
“埋在心底令人痛苦但仍有威胁的经历”(查尔斯•杰克逊)
#Temporarily quiescent:
暂时停止活动的：
a dormant volcano.
休眠火山
#In a condition of biological rest or inactivity characterized by cessation of growth or development and the suspension of many metabolic processes.
休眠期的：处在生物休眠、停止活动的状态中，特征是停止生长或发展及许多代谢过程的中止

【语源记忆法】from Old French [from present participle of] dormir [to sleep]
源自 古法语 dormir的现在分词 [睡觉]
【同义词】（Synonyms）Latent，Inactive ，quiescent ，sleeping
【反义词】（antonyms）Awake，Active

Prudent

adj.（形容词）
【词义】
#Wise in handling practical matters; exercising good judgment or common sense.
精明的：精于处理实际事务的；运用良好的判断力或常识的
#Careful in regard to one's own interests; provident.
在自己的利益方面小心仔细的；节俭的
#Careful about one's conduct; circumspect.
审慎地：小心行事的；谨慎的
【同义词】cautious, careful, discreet, attentive，sensible，judicious
【反义词】imprudent ,rash, unwary, careless, reckless
【同义词辨析】
pruden、discreet careful, cautious, attentive,均含有“小心的，谨慎的”之意。
1.prudent：指遇事审慎，思考计划周密，不贸然行事，有judicious, sensible(明智的、精明的)意思。
It's prudent to take a thick coat in cold weather when you go out.
在寒冷的天气下外出时带上件厚外套是谨慎的。
2.discreet ：以谨慎和理智的自我控制为特征的，做事谨慎理智的，或在言行上表现出谨慎和理智的自我控制；
My secretary is very discreet. She never tells anyone unconcerned anything about the company's business.
"我的秘书很谨慎,她对公司的业务从不对任何无关的人谈起。"
3.careful：侧重做事谨慎、留心，特别注意一些细节地方。
Be careful when crossing the busy street;
穿过交通繁忙的街道时留心点。
4.cautious：着重考虑事情的后果，谨慎留意，防止出差错。
The schoolboys are more cautious not to make any mistakes in spelling than ever before.
男学生们在拼写时比以前更加小心,以避免发生错误。
5.attentive：指认真地注意地倾听别人的意见，留心别人的需要，有关心体贴的意思。
These pioneers are very attentive to the grandny and do everything for her.
这些少先队员们很关心那位老大娘,什么事情都替她做。

Impudent adj.（形容词）

【词义】
Characterized by offensive boldness; insolent or impertinent
放肆无礼的, ,厚颜无耻的
【同义词】insolent、impertinent、frivolous、licentious、wanton
【反义词】civil、courteous、couth、decorous、gracious、modest、obliging、polite

【同义词辨析】
1.impudent和insolent : 以强调无礼为特征。
None of your impudence! 别那么不要脸!， insolent manner. 举止傲慢。
2.mpertinent: 也有无礼的意思，还有不切题、不相干之意。
3.frivolous： 指轻率的，无关紧要的。A frivolous novel, a frivolous action
4.licentious: 侧重缺乏道德规范和不顾法律约束的，尤指性行为。
5.wanton: 也有放荡的、不贞洁的意思，作为名词指水性杨花的女人。也可用于形容无节制的浪费和消耗，还可以用来形容爱开玩笑的人。

楼主这么辛苦去总结，大家学习了吗？可以跟帖补充词义和用法，也可谈谈学习体会和建议。

degrade vt 动词

【词义】
1.To reduce in grade, rank, or status; demote.
使降级，使降等：在级别或地位上降低；使降级
2.To lower in dignity; dishonor or disgrace:
侮辱，羞辱：降低…的尊严；败坏…的声誉或使…蒙受耻辱：
a scandal that degraded the participants.
使所有参加者都蒙受耻辱的丑闻
3.To lower in moral or intellectual character; debase.
降低…品格：降低…的道德水准，或降低…的身份；有损…的人格
4.To reduce in worth or value:
降低…价值：价值上降低：
degrade a currency.
贬低通货的价值
5.To impair in physical structure or function.
使恶化：在体格或功能方面损害
6.Geology To lower or wear by erosion or weathering.
《地质学》 侵蚀：通过侵蚀或风化降低或磨蚀
7.To cause (an organic compound) to undergo degradation.
使退化：使（有机化合物）进行降解

【同义词】degrade， abase， debase， demean， humble， humiliate
【反义词】dignify, exalt, elevate

【同义词辨析】
这些动词都表示剥夺自尊的意思。
1. Degrade implies reduction to a state of shame or disgrace:
含有下降到羞耻和坏名声状态的意思：
“Charity degrades those who receive it and hardens those who dispense it” (George Sand).
“施舍使接受它的人蒙羞，从而使发放它的人变得冷酷无情” （乔治•桑）。
2. Abase refers principally to loss of rank or prestige:
主要指级别或威望的丧失：
refused to abase herself by asking for an invitation.
因请求得到他人的邀请被拒绝而使自己的威望降低。
3. Debase implies reduction in quality or value:
含有在质量或价值方面的降低：
“debasing the moral currency” (George Eliot).
“降低普遍的道德规范” （乔治•爱略特）。
4. Demean suggests lowering in social position:
含有社会地位上的下降：
“It puts him where he can make the advances without demeaning himself” (William Dean Howells).
“这使他处于一种可以进取而不用降低自己身份的位置” （威廉•迪恩•豪威尔斯）。
5. Humble can refer to lowering in rank or, more often, to driving out undue pride:
可指在级别上的降级，更常指消除不适当的傲气：
He dreamed of humbling his opponent. To
他梦想着压倒对手。
6. humiliate is to subject to loss of self-respect or dignity:
是使丧失自尊的意思：
a defeat that humiliated both army and nation.
一次丧失了军队和国家尊严的失败。

学习了，学英语是个长期积累的过程，学的好累。

Regret

【词义】
vt. （及物动词）
#To feel sorry, disappointed, or distressed about.
后悔，惋惜：对…而感到惋惜、失望或苦恼
#To remember with a feeling of loss or sorrow; mourn.
哀伤，悲叹：带着失落感或悲伤回忆；痛惜
v.intr.（不及物动词）
#To feel regret.
后悔：感到后悔
n.（名词）
#A sense of loss and longing for someone or something gone.
悲痛：失落感和思念失去的某人或某物的感觉
#A feeling of disappointment or distress about something that one wishes could be different.
悔意：对希望能不同的东西的失望或苦恼的感觉
#regrets A courteous expression of regret, especially at having to decline an invitation.
regrets 遗憾，惋惜：有礼貌地表达遗憾，尤其是对不得不拒绝的一个邀请而感到遗憾

【同义词】regret， sorrow， grief， anguish， woe， heartache， heartbreak

【同义词辨析】
All of these nouns denote mental distress.
所有这些名词都指精神上的痛苦。

1.Regret has the broadest range, from mere disappointment to a painful sense of loss, dissatisfaction, self-reproach, or longing, as over something lost, gone, done, or left undone:
Regret 的含义最广，从简单的失望到痛苦的失落感、不满、自责或渴望，如对失去、离开、完成或剩下未完成的事感到痛苦：
He had hoped that our policy of not dealing with terrorists would be an example to other countries but soon realized, to his regret, that we didn't practice what we preached.
他曾经希望我们不和恐怖分子打交道的政策能成为其他国家的榜样，但是很快就遗憾地认识到我们并不实施我们所宣扬的政策。
She looked back with regret on the pain she had caused her family.
她痛心地回顾她给她的家庭所带来的痛苦。
2.Sorrow connotes sadness caused by misfortune, affliction, or loss; it can also imply contrition:
Sorrow 的含义是由不幸、苦难或失落而造成的悲伤；也暗示悔恨：
“sorrow for his women, for his kinfolk, for his children, who needed his protection, and whom he could not protect” (James Baldwin).
“为他的女人、亲戚、孩子这些需要他的保护而他又保护不了的人而感到悲伤” （詹姆士•鲍德金）。
3.Grief is deep, acute personal sorrow, as that arising from irreplaceable loss:
Grief 是深切、尖锐的个人痛苦，如由于不能弥补的丧失而造成的痛苦：
“Grief fills the room up of my absent child,/Lies in his bed, walks up and down with me” (Shakespeare).
“失去孩子的痛苦弥漫了整个房间/充满了他的床上，随我来回走动” （莎士比亚）。
4.Anguish implies agonizing, excruciating mental pain:
Anguish 指令人难以忍受、折磨人的精神痛苦：
“I pray that our heavenly Father may assuage the anguish of your bereavement” (Abraham Lincoln).
“我祈祷我们的上帝能缓和你们丧失亲人的痛苦” （亚伯拉罕•林肯）。
5.Woe is intense, often prolonged wretchedness or misery:
Woe 是剧烈、经常是漫长的不幸或悲惨：
“the deep, unutterable woe/Which none save exiles feel” (W.E. Aytoun).
“深切的，不能言传的痛苦/没有别人，只有亡命他乡者才能感觉到” (W•E•艾顿）。
6.Heartache most often applies to sustained private sorrow:
Heartache 通常指持久的内心痛苦：
The child's devastating problems are a source of untold heartache to the parents.
孩子灾难性的问题是父母无数的痛苦的源泉。
7.Heartbreak is overwhelming grief:
Heartbreak 是极度的悲伤：
“Better a little chiding than a great deal of heartbreak” (Shakespeare).
“宁愿要一些责骂，也不要大量的悲伤” （莎士比亚）。

Awkward adj.（形容词）

【词义】
#Not graceful; ungainly.
不优雅的；难看的
#Not dexterous; clumsy.
不灵巧的；不灵活的
#Clumsily or unskillfully performed:
笨拙地或不熟练地表演的：
The opera was marred by an awkward aria.
整部歌剧毁在咏叹调部分的不够熟练
#Difficult to handle or manage:
不顺手的：难处理或管理的：
an awkward bundle to carry.
携带不便的包裹
#Difficult to effect; uncomfortable:
难以实施的；不舒服的：
an awkward pose.
不舒服的姿势
#Marked by or causing embarrassment or discomfort:
尴尬的：以造成窘迫和不舒服为特征的：
an awkward remark; an awkward silence.
令人窘迫的评论；令人尴尬的沉默
#Requiring great tact, ingenuity, skill, and discretion:
棘手的，难处理的：要求非常老练、机智、熟练和谨慎的：
An awkward situation arose during the peace talks.
在和平谈判中出现了棘手的情况
【同义词】awkward， clumsy， maladroit， inept， gauche， ungainly
【反义词】dexterous, skillful, clever, deft, handy
【同义词辨析】
These adjectives mean lacking grace or skill in movement, manner, or performance.
这些形容词意指在活动、举止或表演上缺少优雅和技巧。
1.Awkward and clumsy, the least specific, are often interchangeable. Both emphasize lack of physical dexterity; both can also suggest embarrassment or lack of ease (several awkward moments in the discussion; offered a clumsy apology).
Clumsy和Awkward 无大的差别，经常是可互换的。两者都是强调缺少身体的灵活性； 两者也都暗示窘迫或不自在（讨论中一些令人窘迫的时刻；表示不安的歉意）。
an awkward dancer;
不灵活的跳舞者；
2. Maladroit implies tactlessness or lack of skill in social relations:
Maladroit 指在社会交往中不得体或缺少技巧：
a maladroit comment.
不得体的评论。
3. Inept applies to inappropriate actions and speech:
Inept 指不适当的行为或言谈：
If the rumor is true, can anything be more inept than to repeat it now?
如果谣言是真的，还有比现在来重复它更不适当的吗？
4.Gauche suggests a lack of social polish:
Gauche 暗示缺少社会磨练：
too gauche to leave the room when the conversation became intimate.
过于笨拙以致在谈话变得过于密切时无法离开房间。
5. Ungainly implies a visible lack of grace in form or movement:
Ungainly 指在形体或运动上明显地缺少优雅：
long, ungainly legs;
难看的长腿；
an ungainly gesture.
不雅的姿势。

Cumbersome adj.（形容词）
【词义】
#Difficult to handle because of weight or bulk.
难处理的：因沉重或体积大而难处理的
#Troublesome or onerous.
棘手的，麻烦的

【记忆法】 cumber[to bother, distress]+some=troublesome
【同义词】 awkward, bulky, burdensome, clumsy, troublesome, unmanageable

Obliterate vt.

【词义】
#To do away with completely so as to leave no trace.
废除：完全废除，使毫无痕迹参见
The town was obliterated by the bombs.
这座城市被炸毁了
#To wipe out, rub off, or erase (writing or other markings).
擦掉，磨掉或刷掉（字迹或其他标记）
The sand-storm obliterated his footprints.
沙暴掩埋掉了他的脚印.
#Medicine To remove completely (a body organ or part), as by surgery, disease, or radiation..
(医学)消除，除去：完全除去（身体器官或一部分），通过手术、疾病或射线等
The doctor has to obliterate his legs because of anthrax.

【同义词】abolish, blot out， delete， demolish， destroy， erase， wipe out

Wit n
【词义】
#The natural ability to perceive and understand; intelligence.
智力：洞察和理解的自然能力；智能
#Often wits Keenness and quickness of perception or discernment; ingenuity:
常作 wits 机智：洞察或鉴别的敏锐与迅速；足智多谋：
living by one's wits.
靠机智生活
#wits Sound mental faculties; sanity:
wits 健全的头脑；清醒的神志：
scared out of my wits.
吓得我魂不附体
#The ability to perceive and express in an ingeniously humorous manner the relationship between seemingly incongruous or disparate things:
风趣：能够用聪明且幽默的方式说出或洞察出似乎不协调或不相干的事物之间的关系的能力：
“Wit has truth in it; wisecracking is simply calisthenics with words”(Dorothy Parker)
“风趣之中有真意，而说俏皮话只是玩弄文字”(多萝西•帕克)
#One noted for this ability, especially one skilled in repartee.
富于机智的人：说话风趣的人，尤指善于机敏应答的人
#A person of exceptional intelligence.
才子，智者：具有杰出的智力的人
【同义词辨析】
wit， humor， repartee， sarcasm， irony
These nouns are compared as they denote forms of expression that elicit amusement or laughter.
这些名词在这里表示能引人兴味和发笑的表达方式的意思时是可被比较的。
1.Wit implies intellectual keenness and the ability to perceive and express in a diverting, often pointed way analogies between essentially dissimilar things; 2.humor, on the other hand, suggests the faculty of recognizing what is amusing, comical, incongruous, or absurd and using it as the basis for expression:
Wit 暗指学术上的敏锐，和能够发现基本上不相似的事物之间的对比且能用一种令人发笑且通常尖锐的方式表达的能力；另一方面humor 暗指能够发现令人发笑，喜剧化的、不协调的或荒谬的东西且能把它当作表达基础的能力：
“Humor is, as it were, the growth of nature and accident; wit is the product of art and fancy” (William Hazlitt).
“幽默象从前一样是自然和意外的产物；风趣是艺术和想象力的产物” （威廉•黑兹利特）。
3.Repartee implies a facility for answering swiftly and cleverly:
Repartee 暗指机敏地快速应答的能力：
“framing comments . . . that would be sure to sting and yet leave no opening for repartee” (H.G. Wells).
“一定会刺伤人但又使反驳的机会消失的框架评论” (H.G.威尔斯）。
4.Sarcasm is a form of caustic wit intended to wound or ridicule another:
Sarcasm 是一种为了伤害或取笑另一个人的刻薄的风趣：
“Sarcasm I now see to be, in general, the language of the Devil; for which reason I have, long since, as good as renounced it” (Thomas Carlyle).
“现在我开始认识到讽剌在总体上是魔鬼的语言；因此很久已来我已不用它了” （托马斯•卡莱尔）。
5.Irony is a form of expression in which an intended meaning is the opposite of the literal meaning of the words used:
Irony 是一种用相反的字面意义表达所要达到的意义的形式：
“A drayman in a passion [a rage] calls out, ‘You are a pretty fellow,’ without suspecting that he is uttering irony”
“激动［生气］ 的卡车司机叫道，‘你真是个好家伙，’表达的意思无疑是反语”
【习惯用语】
1.at (one's) wits' end
At the limit of one's mental resources; utterly at a loss.
智穷计尽；全然不知所措
2.have (one's) wits about (one)或keep (one's) wits about (one)
To remain alert or calm, especially in a crisis.
警觉：保持头脑警觉或镇静，尤指在危机时刻
3. live by one's wits
靠耍小计谋骗人过日子
4.out of one's wits
头脑不清楚，头脑糊涂

wit 除了做名词外，在古语中还可以做动词，意思是become aware of 知道，认识到。
to wit=namely, 即，也就是说

Covenant
n.（名词）
A binding agreement; a compact.See Synonyms at bargain
盟约，契约：有约束力的协议；合同参见 bargain
Law A formal sealed agreement or contract.
【法律】盖印合同：一种正式的盖印的协议或合同
A suit to recover damages for violation of such a contract.
契约诉讼：对违背这种合同要求赔偿损害
In the Bible, God's promise to the human race.
《圣经》中，上帝对人类的承诺
v.（动词）
cov.e.nant.ed， cov.e.nant.ing， cov.e.nants
v.tr.（及物动词）
#To promise by or as if by a covenant.
约定：通过或类似通过契约而答应
v.intr.（不及物动词）
#To enter into a covenant.
达成合约

【同义词】
covenant，promise， engage， pledge， plight， swear， vow

The central meaning shared by these verbs is “to declare solemnly that one will perform or refrain from a particular course of action”:
这些动词共同的中心意思是“严肃地宣布某人将履行或避免某一特定的行为方式”：
covenanting to exchange their prisoners of war;
答应交换战俘；
promise to write soon;
许诺很快写信；
engaged to reorganize the department;
承诺重新组建这个部；
pledged to uphold the law;
发誓要遵守法律；
plighted their loyalty to the king;
向国王宣誓他们的忠诚；
swore to get revenge;
发誓要报仇；
vowed they would never surrender.
发誓他们将永不投降

Deplorable adj.（形容词）
【词义】
#Worthy of severe condemnation or reproach:
应受严厉谴责的：
a deplorable act of violence.
应受谴责的暴力行为
#Lamentable; woeful:
可怜的；悲伤的：
My finances were in a deplorable state of neglect.
我的财政情况，因无人照管而一塌糊涂
#Wretched; bad:
糟糕的：
deplorable housing conditions in the inner city.
城市里面糟糕的住房条件

【同义词】doleful, mournful, plaintive, sad,

Dismal
adj.（形容词）
#Causing gloom or depression; dreary:
阴沉的，沮丧的：引起忧郁或沮丧的；阴霾的：
dismal weather; took a dismal view of the economy.
阴沉的天气；对经济抱着不乐观的看法
#Characterized by ineptitude, dullness, or a lack of merit:
不高明的，乏味的，愚笨的：
a dismal book; a dismal performance on the cello.
乏味的书；沉闷无趣的大提琴演奏
#Obsolete Dreadful; disastrous.
【废语】 可怕的；灾难性的
n.（名词）
Chiefly South Atlantic U.S.
【多用于美国南大西洋沿岸】

【同义词】Bleak,dark,depressing,dreary, gloomy, miserable
【反义词】Cheerful, merry，gay, jovial

Narrate v.tr.（及物动词）

【词义】
#To tell (a story, for example) in speech or writing.
讲述：在演讲或写作中说出（如一个故事）
#To give an account of (events, for example).See Synonyms at describe
叙述（例如，事件）参见 describe
v.intr.（不及物动词）
#To give an account or a description.
叙述或描绘
#To supply a running commentary for a movie or performance.
影评：为电影或演出提供连续的评论
【同义词辨析】narrate, relate, describe, state, remark这组动词都表示“以口头的或书面的方式陈述出某情况”。
1.narrate 所表示的“讲述”包含着情节，在陈述时有语调的变化，如停顿、激昂以及节奏，而且由低潮过渡到高潮
Hong Yun became known after she had narrated the TV programme of the Story of the Yangtze River.
虹云解说了《话说长江》电视节目之后便出了名。
2.relate 通常表示详细而且有条理地陈述出某情况，这种情况可以是自己亲自看到的，也可以是经历到的或了解到的
How Harry came into the possession of this outlandish stuff makes an interesting story which he is fond if relating.
哈里如何得了这种稀奇古怪的东西，构成了一个他津津乐道的有趣故事。
We know instinctively,just as bookeepers with their bees that misfortune might overtake us if the important events of our lives were not related to it.
正如养蜂人与蜜蜂的关系一样，我们本能地懂得如果我们不把自己生活中重大事件告诉它的话，不幸的事情就会袭击我们。
3.describe 强调在陈述中所给的情节能构成生动而清晰的画面，听者或读者不仅可以获得听觉或视觉的感受，而且可以得到其他感官的刺激
The English language possesses a vivid saying to describe this sort of situation.
英语中有句俗语生动地描绘了这种情景。
4.state 强调讲述出详细情况的特点，不仅讲得很清楚而且讲得很肯定。此外，这个词还包含着如实的提供有关资料，以期别人能够清楚地了解
The writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands and would be returned immediately if Mrs Ramsay paid a ransom of ￡1,000.
那封信的笔者说得很清楚，拉姆特斯受到安全的保管，如拉姆塞夫人付出一千镑的赎金，这只猫便会归还。
5.remark 表示评论性的讲话，而且希望听众对某事件给以注意
This newly-made film has been remarked upon by many critics.
这部新近拍摄的影片已经受到了许多评论家的评论。
But this does not matter,for, as he has often remarked,one is never too old to learn.
然而这没有关系，因为正如他一向所说的，人要活到老学到老。

Consummate【词义】
1. vt.
#To bring to completion or fruition; conclude:
完成或使取得成果；结束：
consummate a business transaction.
完成商业交易
#To realize or achieve; fulfill:
实现或达到；实现：
a dream that was finally consummated with the publication of her first book.
她处女作的发表实现了她的梦想
#To complete (a marriage) with the first act of sexual intercourse after the ceremony.
在婚庆仪式之后通过第一次性交行为而完成结婚
#To fulfill (a sexual desire or attraction) especially by intercourse.
使（性欲或性吸引）得到满足，尤指通过性交
2. adj.
#Complete or perfect in every respect:
在各方面面部完全无缺或完美的：
consummate happiness.
圆满的幸福
#Supremely accomplished or skilled:
造诣极高的或技艺超凡的：
“Sargent was now a consummate master of brushwork”(Roberta Smith)
“萨金特现在是一名绘画大师”(罗伯塔•史密斯)
#Complete; utter:
完全的；彻底的：
a consummate bore.
一个十足的讨人嫌
【同义词】immaculate, perfect, ideal, faultless

credence n.（名词）
【词义】
#Acceptance as true or valid; belief.See Synonyms at belief
接受为真实或有效；信任参见 belief
#Claim to acceptance; trustworthiness.
证实；可靠
#Recommendation; credentials:
介绍信；证明书：
a letter of credence.
介绍信
#A small table or shelf for holding the bread, wine, and vessels of the Eucharist when they are not in use at the altar.
餐具柜：放置尚未在圣坛上使用的圣餐面包、酒类以及器具的小桌子或柜子
【同义词】trust, belief,reliance, accreditation,credit
【反义词】doubt, suspicion, distrust, mistrust

pernicious adj
【词义】
#Tending to cause death or serious injury; deadly:致命的，恶性的，有害的：易引起死亡或严重伤害的；致命的：
a pernicious virus.
致命的病毒
#Causing great harm; destructive:恶毒的，毁灭性的：引起巨大伤害的；毁灭性的：
pernicious rumors.
恶毒的谣言
#Archaic Evil; wicked.【古语】 邪恶的；缺德的
【同义词】damaging，deadly，destructive，detrimental，fatal，harmful，hurtful，injurious，malignant，mortal

consecrate vt
【词义】
#To declare or set apart as sacred:
使神圣：宣布为或隔离为神圣的：
consecrate a church.
将教堂神圣化
#To produce the ritual transformation of (the elements of the Eucharist) into the body and blood of Jesus.
举行圣体礼使（圣餐中的面包和酒）化为耶稣的血和肉
#To sanctify (bread and wine) for use in Communion.
献祭：在圣餐中把（面包和酒）做为祭品
#To initiate (a priest) into the order of bishops.
使就圣职：授予（一个牧师）主教的职位
#To dedicate solemnly to a service or goal.
奉献：神圣地奉献给某一服务或事业参见
#To make venerable; hallow:
使神圣化；把…视为神圣：
【例句】
a tradition consecrated by time.
历史悠久的传统
This battlefield is consecrated to the memory of the soldiers who died here.
这战场被视为圣地以纪念死于该处的战士
【同义词】devote， dedicate， pledge【反义词】desecrate

【同义词辨析】
These verbs are compared as they mean “to give to a particular end and especially to a higher purpose.”
这些动词在表示“奉献给某个特别的目的，尤指高尚的目标的意思”时是可比的。
1.Consecrate suggests sacred commitment:
Consecrate 表示神圣的行为：
His entire life is consecrated to science.
他毕生的精力都献给了科学事业。
2. Devote implies faithfulness and loyalty:
Devote 意指忠诚和忠心：
Nurses devote themselves to the care of the sick.
护士致力于病人的护理事业。
3.Dedicate connotes a solemn, often formal commitment:
Dedicate 意味着一个誓言，通常为正式的许诺：
“To such a task we can dedicate our lives and our fortunes, everything that we are and everything that we have” (Woodrow Wilson).
“为了完成这个任务，我们可以贡献我们的生命和财产，我们就是一切，我们拥有一切” （伍德罗·威尔逊）。
4.pledge is to back a personal commitment by a solemn promise:
Pledge 通过一个誓言而落实到个人行动上：
“I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people” (Franklin D. Roosevelt).
“我向你们，向我自己发誓，保证美国人民的新政策” （富兰克林·D·罗斯福）

skeptical adj.
【词义】
#unwilling to believe a claim or promise; distrustful; incredulous
怀疑的
His skeptical remark about the team's chances of winning made us gloomy.
他怀疑这队伍胜算的言论，使我们沮丧。
【同义词】dubitable，incredulous，juberous，show-me，shy，suspicious， questionable，doubtful，dubious，implausible

Mendacious adj.（形容词）
【词义】
#Lying; untruthful:
说谎的；不诚实的：
The mendacious beggar told a different tale of woe at every house.
那个好说谎的乞丐在每家说不同的悲哀故事。
#False; untrue:
虚假的；不真实的：
a mendacious statement.
【同义词】dishonest，lying， untruthful， deceitful，
【反义词】veracious，candid, honest
【同义词辨析】
dishonest， lying， untruthful， deceitful， mendacious
These adjectives mean lacking honesty or truthfulness.
这些形容词都含有不诚实或不真实的意思。
1.Dishonest is the least specific:
Dishonest 是最普通的：
a dishonest answer;
不老实的回答；
a dishonest car dealer;
不诚实的汽车经营者；
dishonest profits.
不正当的获利。
2. Lying conveys a blunt accusation of untruth:
Lying 表达了对不真实性直言不讳的谴责：
Inconsistencies in his testimony made it obvious that he was a lying witness.
他证词不一致，很明显，他是一个撒谎的证人。
3.Untruthful is a softer but closely related term;it suggests both lack of veracity and divergence from fact:
Untruthful 是一个口气更温和而关系更密切的交情；该词既意味着缺乏真实，又意味着脱离事实：
made an untruthful statement. As experiments are completed the hypothesis seems increasingly untruthful.
做了不真实的叙述。实验结束后，这种假说好象增加了不真实性。
4.Deceitful implies misleading by falsehood or by concealment of the truth:
Deceitful 指由于欺骗或掩盖事实而使人迷惑的：
deceitful advertising;
骗人的广告；
a deceitful person.
欺骗的人。
5. Mendacious, a more formal equivalent of lying, suggests a chronic inclination toward untruth when it is applied to persons:
Mendacious 与lying 意思一样但更为正式，当用于指人时，含有有伪造、撒谎的习惯：
submitted a mendacious insurance claim.
上交了一份伪造的保险书。
Even when she is not being overtly mendacious, she tinkers with the truth.
即使当她不是公开撒谎时，她在事实的真相上也是笨拙的

improvident adj.
【词义】
#Not providing for the future; 无远见的
# thriftless 浪费的
【同义词】shortsighted;extravagant, prodigal, wastful
【反义词】far-sighted, farseeing,provident; economical

indulgent adj.
【词义】
# too kind or agreeable; giving in to another's wishes or whims 放任的
The indulgent mother bought her children everything they wanted.
这个溺爱的母亲买给他孩子任何他们要的东西。
# not critical; lenient 宽容的
The indulgent teacher praised every poem we wrote.
这位宽容的老师称赞我们所作的每一首诗歌。
【同义词】dissolute,immoral, intemperate,licentious, reprobate, wanton
【反义词】strict,stern

Meticulous adj.
【词义】
#Extremely careful and precise.
谨小慎微的：极度细心的和精确的
#Extremely or excessively concerned with details.
过度重视细节的：极度或过分关心细节的
【同义词】meticulous， careful， painstaking， scrupulous， fastidious， punctilious
【反义词】negligent，careless，hairbrained，harebrained，slapdas，hunwary
【同义词辨析】
这些形容词都指对所有方面或细节表示注意或以这种注意为特征的。
1.Meticulous stresses extreme, sometimes exaggerated care for small details:
Meticulous 强调极度的，有时是过分的对于小细节的关心：
“He had throughout been almost worryingly meticulous in his business formalities” (Arnold Bennett).
“他一直对他的业务手续表现出几乎是担心一样的极度细心” （阿诺德·贝内特）。
2.Careful suggests the exercise of attention, circumspection, and solicitude:
Careful 意味着运用注意力、细心和关心：
A careful examination of the antique bronze showed it to be a forgery.
对古董铜像的仔细检查证明它是件赝品。
3.Painstaking means extremely careful:
Painstaking 意味着极度细心：
The skillful repair of fine lace entails slow and painstaking work.
对精致花边的熟练修补需要缓慢而极度细心的工作。
4.Scrupulous suggests care prompted by conscience:
Scrupulous 表示出于良知的细心：
“Cynthia was scrupulous in her efforts to give no trouble” (Winston Churchill).
“辛西娅非常细心地极力不带来任何麻烦” （温斯顿·丘吉尔）。
5.Fastidious implies concern, often excessive, for the requirements of taste:
Fastidious 表示的是出于品味要求的，通常是过分的关心：
“Your true lover of literature is never fastidious” (Robert Southey).
“真正的文学爱好者从不挑剔” （罗伯特·骚塞）。
6.Punctilious specifically applies to strict, exact attention to minute details of conduct:
Punctilious 专指对极微小行为细节的严格的、精细的注意：
“The more unpopular an opinion is, the more necessary is it that the holder should be somewhat punctilious in his observance of conventionalities generally” (Samuel Butler).
“一个观点越不受欢迎，这个观点的持有者越应谨小慎微地观察习俗惯例” （塞缪尔·巴特勒）

insipid adj.
【词义】
#Lacking flavor or zest; not tasty.
乏味的：缺少味道或滋味；无味的
#Lacking excitement, stimulation, or interest; dull.
枯燥无味的：缺乏激情、刺激或兴趣的；枯燥
insipid conversation
乏味的谈话
【同义词】bald,drab,dull,flat,humdrum,inanimate,stuffy,monotonous,pedestrian,tedious,vapid, lackluster,stodgy，uninspired
The central meaning shared by these adjectives is “lacking in liveliness, charm, or surprise”:
这一组形容词共有的意思是“缺乏活力、魅力或惊奇”：
a competent but dull performance of the role;
对角色能胜任但乏味的表演；
a colorless and unimaginative person;
一个没有个性，缺乏想象力的人；
a drab and boring job;
枯燥乏味的工作；
a humdrum conversation;
枯燥冗长的对话；
a lackluster life;
缺乏活力的生活；
a pedestrian movie plot;
平淡无奇的电影情节；
a stodgy dinner party;
枯燥无味的宴会；
an uninspired lecture.
缺乏创见的演讲
【反义词】delicous, enjoyable,funny,interesting

dexterous adj.

【词义】
#Skillful in the use of the hands.
灵巧的：手的使用熟练的
#Having mental skill or adroitness.
机敏，聪明：有脑力上的机智或伶俐的
#Done with dexterity.
用右手的：惯用右手工作的
【反义词】awkward, clumsy
【同义词辨析】dexterous， deft， adroit， handy， nimble
These adjectives refer to skill and ease in performance.
这些形容词的特性指熟练和灵巧的表现。
1.Dexterous implies physical or mental agility:
Dexterous 指身手或头脑敏捷的：
dexterous fingers.
灵巧的手指，
“This study [of law] renders men acute, inquisitive, dexterous, prompt in attack, ready in defense, full of resources” (Edmund Burke).
“这项 研究指出男人敏锐，机警，进攻果断，随时准备防御、充满机智” （埃德蒙·柏克）。
2.Deft suggests quickness, sureness, neatness, and lightness of touch:
Deft 表示快捷，果敢，熟练，轻巧：
decorated the cake with a few deft strokes;
用几下轻巧的击打装饰蛋糕；
defused the hostility with a deft turn of phrase.
用巧妙的措辞去除了敌意。
3.Adroit implies ease and natural skill, especially in dealing with challenging situations:
Adroit 暗示自在，自然巧妙尤指处理引起争议的局面：
an adroit skier;
自在的滑雪者；
an adroit negotiator.
灵活的谈判者。
4.Handy suggests a more modest aptitude, principally in manual work:
Handy 表示更加敏锐，特指体力劳动：
handy with a saw and hammer.
熟练地使用锯和锤。
5.Nimble stresses quickness and lightness in physical or mental performance:
Nimble 指体力或脑力运行快捷：
nimble feet;
敏捷的脚步；
nimble wits.
敏捷的才智

rescue vt.

【词义】
#To set free, as from danger or imprisonment
营救：使自由，如从危险或监禁中救出

to rescue from the building many official papers
从大楼里抢救出许多官方文件
We rescued the boy who fell into the river.
我们救起了掉进河里的小孩。

【同义词辨析】

rescue,ransom,save作为动词，在一起比较的一般含意是“搭救”或“拯救”。除save外，另外两个词还可以用作含义相同的名词。
1.rescue的含义是搭救受到监禁、攻击或死亡威胁的人。这个词的内涵是：不失时机地以强有力的措施进行搭救
It was not long before a helicopter arrived on the scene to rescue the survivors of the plane crash.
不久一架直升飞机飞到了现场，来搭救这次飞机失事的幸存者。
Rescue workers are therefore drilling a hole on the north side of the mine.
因此营救工人正在矿井北侧钻孔。
2.ransom所表示的营救是向捕获者提供一定量的赎金而使受困者得到解脱
His wife ransomed him at a heavy price.
他妻子花了大价钱才把他赎了出来。
The writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands and would be returned immediately if Mrs ramsay paid a ransom of ￡1000.
写信人说拉姆特斯很安全，如果拉姆特赛夫人付出一千镑的赎金，这只猫便会立刻被送还。
3.save是通用词，使用范围很广，其含义可以是rescue,也可以是ransom。但是这个词不仅有使受难者获释的意思，还具有使获释者继续生存、享受幸福的内涵
For hundreds of years, St bernard dogs have saved the lives of travellers crossing the dangerous pass.
几百年来，圣伯纳修道院的狗已经搭救了穿越这个险关的许多旅游者的性命。

unanimous adj.
【词义】
# incomplete accord or agreement; mutually agreed; with no opposition
全体一致的，无异议的，一致通过的

He was elected by a unanimous vote.
他以全票中选。
He was elected with unanimous approval.
他以全体一致同意而中选。
The whole school was unanimous in its approval of the head-master's plan.
全校一致通过了校长的计划。

【同义词】agreed，concurrent，solid

austere adj.
【词义】
#Severe or stern in disposition or appearance; somber and grave:
严厉的：性格及外表严厉或严峻的；阴郁可怕的：
the austere figure of a Puritan minister.
清教徒牧师严厉的外表
#Strict or severe in discipline; ascetic:
严格的：在纪律约束上严格或严厉的；严格节制的：
a desert nomad's austere life.
沙漠游牧者严格节制的生活
#Having no adornment or ornamentation; bare:
不加修饰的；赤裸的：
an austere style.
不加修饰的风格

【同义词辨析】
severe， stern， austere， ascetic， strict
These adjectives mean unsparing and exacting with respect to discipline or control.
这些形容词的意思是顾及原则与限制而严厉的或苛刻的。
1.Severe implies adherence to rigorous standards or high principles; the term often suggests the imposition of harsh conditions:
Severe 暗指遵守严格的标准或高度的原则；该词常暗示强加苛刻的条件：
“Praise or blame has but a momentary effect on the man whose love of beauty in the abstract makes him a severe critic on his own works” (John Keats).
“赞扬或指责对这个人只有瞬间效应，对抽象美的热爱使他对自己的作品严加批判 （约翰·凯兹）。
2.Stern suggests unyielding disposition, uncompromising resolution, or forbidding appearance or nature:
Stern 指强硬的处理、不妥协的决定或冷峻的外表或气质：
“thought her husband a man fatally stern and implacable” (George Meredith).
“认为她丈夫是一个极端严厉而且毫不容情的人” （乔治·马里蒂斯）。
3.Austere connotes sternness, qualities such as aloofness or lack of feeling or sympathy, and often rigid morality:
Austere 意味着严厉及诸如冷漠或缺乏感情与同情的性格，而且通常是恪守道德：
Austere officers demand meticulous conformity with military regulations.
严峻的军官要求谨遵军纪。
4.Ascetic suggests self-discipline and self-denial and often renunciation of worldly pleasures for spiritual improvement:
Ascetic 指自我约束和自我克制并且通常为达到精神进步而放弃世俗享乐：
“Be systematically ascetic . . . do . . . something for no other reason than that you would rather not do it” (William James).
有计划地克制…做…某事，没有别的理由只因你最好别做它” （威廉·杰姆森）。
5.Strict means requiring or showing stringent observance of obligations, rules, or standards:
Strict 指要求或显示严格遵守义务、规则或标准：
“He could not be severe nor even passably strict” (W.H. Hudson).
“他根本不能做到严厉，甚至连稍稍严格一点都做不到” (W.H.N哈德森）

digress vi.

【词义】
#To turn aside, especially from the main subject in writing or speaking; stray.
离开主题：远离，特别是指脱离写作或演说主题；跑题
The old professor used to digress from his subject for a moment to tell his students a funny story.
"老教授过去常常暂时离开一下话题,给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。"

【同义词】swerve， depart， deviate， digress， diverge， stray， veerThe central meaning shared by these verbs is “to turn away from a straight or prescribed course”:
这些动词所共有的意思是：“从正的或预定的轨迹上偏转”：
eyes that never once swerved from her face;
一刻不离她脸庞的眼睛；
won't depart from family traditions;
不要背离家庭传统；
deviated from their original plan;
偏离他们原来的计划；
digressing from the principal topic;
以主要论题岔开；
opinions that diverged;
有分歧的观点；
straying from the truth;
偏离了真实性；
veered the conversation away from politics.
把谈话从政治上引开

Presume

【词义】
1.v.tr.（及物动词）
#To take for granted as being true in the absence of proof to the contrary.
推测，假定：在没有证据证明是相反的情况下想当然是正确的
#To give reasonable evidence for assuming; appear to prove.
认定：为假设而给出合理的证据；似乎能证明
#To venture without authority or permission; dare:
冒昧，擅自：没有权威或没得到允许就冒险地做；冒昧：
He presumed to invite himself to dinner.
他胆敢擅自前来吃饭

2.v.intr.（不及物动词）
#To act overconfidently; take liberties.
擅自行事：过分自信地行动；擅自行事
#To take unwarranted advantage of something; go beyond the proper limits:
滥用，利用：非法地利用某物；超过适当界限：
Don't presume on their hospitality.
不要利用他们的热情好客
#To take for granted that something is true or factual; suppose:
设想，相信：理所当然地认定某事是真的或确凿的；猜想：
That's the new assistant, I presume.
我想那就是新来的助理

【同义词辨析】presume， presuppose， postulate， posit， assume
These verbs signify to take something for granted or as being a fact.
这些动词都表示认为某事是理所当然的或认定某事是事实。
1.To presume is to suppose that something is reasonable, justifiable, sound, or possible in the absence of proof to the contrary:
Presume 是指在没有证据表明结果是相反的情况下认定某事是合理的，无可非议的，完美的或者是可能的：
“I presume you're tired after the long ride” (Edith Wharton).
“长途旅行后我想你肯定累了” （伊迪丝•华顿）。
We cannot presume the existence of life on other planets.
我们不能推定其他行星上没有生物。
2.Presuppose can mean merely to believe or suppose in advance; it can also mean to require as an antecedent condition:
Presuppose 可仅指相信或预先假设；也可指要求有一个先决条件：
It is unrealistic to presuppose a sophisticated knowledge of harmony and counterpoint in a beginning music student.
要求一个初学的人具有和声学和对位法方面的知识是不现实的。
The evolution of species presupposes a process of natural selection.
生物演变是以自然选则的过程为前提的。
3.Postulate and 4. posit denote the assertion of the existence, reality, necessity, or truth of something, as something considered to be self-evident or axiomatic, as the basis for reasoning or argument:
Postulate 和posit 意指对某事的存在、实现、需求或真相的断言， 如被认为是自明的或公理的某事，如作为推理和辩论的根据：
“We can see individuals, but we can't see providence; we have to postulate it” (Aldous Huxley).
“我们不得不认为我们可以看到个体却看不到远见；我们必须承认它” （阿尔道斯•赫胥黎）。
Historical linguists posit a common ancestor from which both Romance and Germanic languages descend.
5.To assume is to accept something as existing or being true without proof or on inconclusive grounds:
历史语言学家认为罗斯语系和德语语系由同一种语言演变而来。 Assume 是指在没有证据或不确定的情况下认为某事是存在的或是真实的：
Why do you assume that I'm angry?
为什么你会认为我在生气?
“We must never assume that which is incapable of proof” (G.H. Lewes).
“我们从不在没有证据证明的情况下假定某事” (G•H•路易斯）

Showy adj.

【词义】
#Making an imposing or aesthetically pleasing display; striking:
显眼的：作出一种使人印象深刻或从审美角度悦目的表示的；引人注目的：
showy flowers.
引人瞩目的花朵
#Displaying brilliance and virtuosity of ability or performance:
精彩的，卖弄技巧的：显示出才能或表演的异彩和精湛技艺的：
a showy violin solo.
一段精彩的小提琴独奏
#Marked by or prone to ostentatious, often tasteless display; flashy.
卖弄的：以炫耀为特征的或喜欢炫耀的，通常指毫无品味地炫耀；浮华的

【同义词】showy， flamboyant， ostentatious， pretentious， splashy
The central meaning shared by these adjectives is “marked by striking, often excessively conspicuous display”:
这些形容词所共有的中心意义为“以引人注目的、通常过于显眼的展示为特征的”：
a cheap, showy rhinestone bracelet;
廉价且引人注目的莱茵石手镯；
an entertainer's flamboyant personality;
表演者浮夸的性格；
an ostentatious sable coat;
一件珠光宝气的貂皮大衣；
a pretentious scholarly edition;
夸耀的学术版本；
a splashy advertising campaign.
惹人注目的广告战

ratiocinative adj.

【词义】
#Of, relating to, marked by, or skilled in methodical and logical reasoning.
推理的：用理性或逻辑方法进行推理的，与之有关的，以此为特点的或善于推理的

【同义词】 ratiocinative，logical， analytic， rationalT
he central meaning shared by these adjectives is “capable of or reflecting the capability for correct and valid reasoning”:
这些形容词所共有的中心含义是“能够或表现出正确地、合理地推理的能力的”：

the ratiocinative process;
推论的过程；
a logical mind;
有逻辑性的头脑；
an analytic thinker;
一个擅长分析的思考者；
a rational being. illogical
有理性的动物 illogical

designate
【词义】
1.vt.
#To indicate or specify; point out.
指定；指出
#To give a name or title to; characterize.
任命：给…头衔；授予
#To select and set aside for a duty, an office, or a purpose.See Synonyms at allocate 选定，指派：为某种义务、职责或目的选择或指定
2.adj.
AHD:[-n¹t]
Appointed but not yet installed in office:
（官职）已任命但还未就职的：
the commissioner designate.
已被任命而尚未上任的司令官

【同义词1组】allocate， appropriate， designate， earmark
The central meaning shared by these verbs is “to set aside for a specified purpose”:
这些动词共有的中心意思是“分出来用于特定目的”：
allocated time for recreation;
留给娱乐的时间；
appropriated funds for public education;
为公共教育拨出的资金；
designated a location for the new hospital;
指定地点建新医院；
money earmarked for a vacation.
专用于度假的费用

【同义词2组】appoint， designate， name， nominate， tap
The central meaning shared by these verbs is “to select for an office or position”:
这些动词共有的中心意思是“为某种职位或位置而选择”：
was appointed chairperson of the committee;
被任命为委员会主席；
expects to be designated leader of the opposition;
期望成为对方的指定领导人；
a new commissioner of public safety named by the mayor;
被市长任命的新公安局局长；
wants to be nominated as her party's candidate;
想被提名为她所在方的候选人；
was tapped for fraternity membership.
选为联谊会成员

enrapture vt.

【词义】
#To fill with rapture or delight.
使痴迷，使狂喜
【同义词】enrapture， entrance， ravish， thrill， transportT
he central meaning shared by these verbs is “to have a powerful, agreeable, and often overwhelming emotional effect on someone”:
这些动词所共享的中心意思是：“在某人身上产生强烈、令人愉快的且常无法抵挡的情感作用”：
enraptured by the music;
痴迷于音乐；
a view of the Alps that entranced us;
阿尔卑斯山的景象令我们欣喜若狂；
a painting that ravished the eye;
令双眼无法移开的绘画；
thrilled by their success;
激动于他们的成功；
transported with joy.
快乐的运送

assuage
【词义】
#To make (something burdensome or painful) less intense or severe:
使减轻，使缓解：使（沉重的或痛苦的事情）减轻或缓解：
assuage her grief.
缓和她的悲痛
#To satisfy or appease (hunger or thirst, for example).
使满足，使缓解：使满足或缓解（如饥饿或口渴）
#To pacify or calm:
使平息，使镇静：
assuage their chronic insecurity.
消除他们长期的不安全感

【同义词辨析】assuage，relieve， allay， alleviate， lighten， mitigate， palliate
All of these verbs mean to make something less severe or more bearable. To relieve is to ease and make more endurable something causing discomfort or distress:
所有这些动词意味着使某事变得不太严重或更可忍受。
1.Assuage 是抚慰或使更适度：
“What shall assuage the unforgotten pain/And teach the unforgetful to forget?” (Dante Gabriel Rossetti).
“什么会抚慰不能忘却的痛苦/并且让无法忘怀的人学会遗忘?” （但丁?加布利亚尔?罗塞蒂）。
2.Relieve 指缓解或使造成不快或压抑的某事变得可以忍受：
“that misery which he strives in vain to relieve” (Henry David Thoreau).
“他徒劳地奋力去减轻苦难” （亨利?大卫?梭罗）。
“The counselor relieved her fears” (Sir Walter Scott).
“顾问消除了她的恐惧” （瓦尔特?施科特爵士）。
3.Allay suggests relief at least for the time being from what is burdensome or painful:
Allay 意味着至少是暂时从造成负担或痛苦的事物中解脱出来：
“This music crept by me upon the waters,/Allaying both their fury and my passion/With its sweet air” (Shakespeare).
“在水面音乐爬上我的心头/平息了他们的愤怒和我的热情/用它甜美的声音” （莎士比亚）。
4.Alleviate connotes temporary lessening of distress without removal of its cause:
Alleviate 指短暂的减轻压抑而没有解决其根源：
“No arguments shall be wanting on my part that can alleviate so severe a misfortune” (Jane Austen). To assuage is to soothe or make milder:
“对我来说要减轻如此严重的不幸，不需要任何争论” （简?奥斯汀）。
5.Lighten in this comparison signifies to make less heavy or oppressive:
Lighten 在这种比较中指使变得不太沉重或不太压抑：
Congress endeavored to lighten the taxpayers' burden.
国会努力减轻纳税人的负担。
6.Mitigate and 7.palliate connote moderating the severity, force, or intensity of something that causes suffering:
Mitigate 和palliate 都意味着减弱造成痛苦的事物严重性、力量或强度：
“I . . . prayed to the Lord to mitigate a calamity which seemed to me past the capacity of man to remedy” (John Galt).
“我…向上帝祈祷，祈求他减轻这场人力所不能补救的灾难” （约翰?加尔特）。
“His well-known financial ability made men turn to him in the hour of distress, as of all statesmen the most fitted to palliate it” (William E.H. Lecky).
“他广为人知的融资能力使得人们在痛苦的时候向他求助，就象最合适的政治家来减轻它一样” （威廉E?H?勒凯）

extenuate

【词义】
#To lessen or attempt to lessen the magnitude or seriousness of, especially by providing partial excuses.
减轻：缩小或努力缩小重要或严重的程度，尤指为 了提供偏心的借口
#To make thin or emaciated.
使变瘦或使瘦
#To reduce the strength of.
减少：使…的力量变小
#Obsolete To belittle; disparage.
（废语） 轻视；藐视
to extenuate one's crime
减轻某人的罪行
Nothing can extenuate his crime.
他的罪责无法减轻。;他的罪责无法用任何辩解减轻。
"He did misappropriate the public funds, but there were extenuating circumstances."
"他的确挪用了公款,但有可以减轻罪责的情况。

【同义词】palliate， extenuate， gloss， gloze， whitewash
The central meaning shared by these verbs is “to cause a fault or offense to seem less grave or less reprehensible”:
这些动词所共有的中心意思是：“使错误或罪过看起来不那么严重和应受谴责”：
palliate a crime;
减轻罪过；
couldn't extenuate the malfeasance;
不能掩饰罪过；
glossing over an unethical transaction;
掩饰不合理的交易；
glozing sins and iniquities;
掩饰罪过和罪恶；
whitewashed official complicity in political extortion.
掩饰政治纠纷中的官方冲突 参

contemplate v.
【词义】
#To look at attentively and thoughtfully.See Synonyms at see 1
注视：专心和留意地看参见 see1
#To consider carefully and at length; meditate on or ponder:
思忖：仔细、长久地考虑；思忖或思考：
contemplated the problem from all sides; contemplated the mystery of God.
从各方面慎重考虑这个问题；思考关于上帝的奥秘
#To have in mind as an intention or possibility:
打算：在心里盘算或认为…有可能性：
contemplate marriage; forced by the accident to contemplate retirement.
打算结婚；因意外因素而被迫打算撤退
v.intr.（不及物动词）
To ponder; meditate.
默思：思考；沉思默想

【同义词辨析】
see， behold， note， notice， espy， descry， observe， contemplate， survey， view， perceive， discern， remark
These verbs refer to being or becoming visually or mentally aware of something.
这些动词指视觉上或精神上意识到某物。
1.See, the most general, can mean merely to use the faculty of sightbut more often implies recognition, understanding, or appreciation:
See 是最常见的，它可以只指用视觉器官，但更经常暗示发现、理解或明白：
“We must . . . give the image of what we actually see” (Paul Cézanne).
“我们一定会对我们看到过的东西留下印象” （保罗·塞尚）。
“If I have seen further (than . . . Descartes) it is by standing upon the shoulders of Giants” (Isaac Newton).
“如果我已经（比迪卡尔）看得更远，那是因为我站到了巨人的肩膀上” （伊萨克·牛顿）。
2.Behold more strongly implies awareness of what is seen:
Behold 更强烈地暗示对已被看见的某物的意识：
“My heart leaps up when I behold/A rainbow in the sky” (William Wordsworth).
“当我看见天边的一道彩虹时，我的心不由地跳了起来” （威廉·渥兹华斯）。
Note and notice suggest close observation and a rather detailed visual or mental impression;
3.Note 和4.notice 指密切地观察和提供更具细节和视觉或精神印象；
note in particular implies careful, systematic recording in the mind:
note 特别暗示思想中仔细的、系统的记录：
Be careful to note where the road turns left.
注意道路左拐的路标。
I have noted and overridden your protests.
我已经注意到并推翻了你的抗议。
She didn't notice the run in her stocking until she had arrived at the office.
她到了办公室才注意到袜子抽丝了。
I notice that you're out of sorts.
我注意到你心情不好。
5.Espy and 6.descry both stress acuteness of sight that permits the detection of something distant, partially hidden, or obscure:
Espy 和descry 都强调视觉察觉远处（尤指被掩藏的或不清楚的）物体的精确性：
“espied the misspelled Latin word in [the] letter” (Los Angeles Times);
“发现在［这个］ 字母中拼错的拉丁字” （洛杉矶时报）；
“the lighthouse, which can be descried from a distance” (Michael Strauss).
“很远就能看见那座灯塔” （迈克·施特劳斯）。
7.Observe emphasizes careful, closely directed attention:
Observe 强调仔细、密切地直接观察：
“I saw the pots . . . red-hot . . . and observed that they did not crack at all” (Daniel Defoe).
“我看见缸子…又红又热…而且发现它们根本就不会破裂” （丹尼尔·狄佛）。
8.Contemplate implies looking attentively and thoughtfully:
Contemplate 暗示专心而且彻底地看着：
“It is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes” (Charles Darwin).
“观赏长满各种植物，鸟儿在灌木丛中唱歌的杂乱河堤极为有趣 （查尔斯·达尔文）。
9.Survey stresses detailed, often comprehensive examination:
Survey 强调仔细地、经常是全面的检查：
“Strickland looked away and idly surveyed the ceiling” (W. Somerset Maugham).
“史蒂兰向别处望去，懒懒地扫视了一遍天花板” (W·萨默塞特·毛姆）。
10.View usually suggests examination with a particular purpose in mind or in a special way:
View 通常暗示以一种特殊的方式或带有特定的目的去观察：
The medical examiner viewed the victim's body.
法医检验了受害者的尸体。
“He [man] viewed the crocodile as a thing sometimes to worship, but always to run away from” (Thomas De Quincey).
“他［人类］ 把鳄鱼看成可以崇拜的东西，但又经常从鳄鱼那儿逃离” （托玛斯·德·昆西）。
11.Perceive and 12.discern both imply not only visual recognition but also mental comprehension; perceive is especially associated with insight, and discern, with the ability to distinguish, discriminate, and make judgments:
Perceive 和discern 两者都不仅暗示视觉上的识别， 而且暗示思想上的理解；perceive 尤其与洞察力相关， 而discern 则与辨别、区别及判断能力相关：
“We perceived a little girl coming towards us” (Frederick Marryat).
“我们辨认出一个小女孩朝我们走来” （弗雷德里克·马里亚特）。
“I plainly perceive [that] some objections remain” (Edmund Burke).
“我明白地看到［连接词］ 还有一些反对者” （埃德蒙·伯克）。
Even with a magnifying glass I couldn't discern any imperfections in the porcelain.
即使有一个放大镜，我也不能发现瓷器上的任何瑕点。
Many in the audience lack the background and taste to discern a good performance of the sonata from a bad one.
许多听众不了解文化背景和缺乏审美情趣，不能区分奏鸣曲表演的优劣。
13.Remark suggests close attention and often an evaluation of what is noticed:
Remark 暗示密切地注意和经常对所观察的事物进行估价：
“Their assemblies afforded me daily opportunities of remarking characters and manners” (Samuel Johnson).
“他们的集会给了我每天观察其性格和礼仪的机会” （塞缪尔·约翰逊）

irritate
【词义】
#To rouse to impatience or anger; annoy:
激怒：激起不耐烦或愤怒；使恼恨：
a loud bossy voice that irritates listeners.
让听者恼火的一个又大又专横的声音
#To chafe or inflame.
使疼痛或发炎
Insect bites irritate your skin.
虫子叮疼了你的皮肤。

【同义词辨析】
irritate，annoy，bother， irk， vex， provoke， aggravate， peeve， rileThese verbs mean to disturb or disquiet a person so as to evoke moderate anger.
这些动词的意思是打搅或扰乱某人使之生气。
1.Irritate is closely related but somewhat stronger:
Irritate 词意思相近但程度上强一些：
Your interruptions only serve to irritate the entire staff.
你的打扰只能让全体职员都很不快。
2.Annoy refers to mild disturbance caused by an act that tries one's patience:
Annoy 指用超过某人耐性的行为引起某人轻微的不安：
The sound of footsteps on the bare floor annoyed the downstairs neighbors.
楼上地板的脚步声吵得楼下住户心烦。
3.Bother implies troublesome imposition:
Bother 表示烦人的干扰：
Hasn't he bothered them enough with his phone calls?
难道他的电话声对别人的干扰还不够吗？
4.Irk connotes a wearisome quality:
Irk 含有使人厌烦的性质：
The city council's failure to take action on the legislation irked the community.
市政局立法措施的失败引起了公众的不满。
5.Vex applies to an act capable of arousing anger or perplexity:
Vex 指一种足以引起别人生气或困惑的行为：
Hecklers in the crowd asked irrelevant questions for the sole purpose of vexing the speaker.
人群中的发问者们问了些不相干的问题，只是为了难住发言人。
6.Provoke implies strong and often deliberate incitement to anger:
Provoke 指强烈地故意煽动别人愤怒：
Her behavior was enough to provoke an angel.
她的行为足以让天使发怒。
7.Aggravate is an approximate equivalent:
Aggravate 意思与前面一个词基本相同：
“Threats only served to aggravate people in such cases” (Thackeray).
“这种情况下威胁不过是为了激怒人们” （萨克雷）。
8.Peeve, somewhat informal in tone, suggests rather minor disturbance that produces a querulous, resentful response:
Peeve 语气上有些非正式，指很小的干扰引起了牢骚的，怨恨的反应：
The flippancy of your answer peeved me. To
你轻率的回答令我懊恼。至于
9.rile is to upset one's equanimity and stir one up:
rile 一词指使某人失去平静，煽动起某人：
It riled me no end to listen to such lies.
这致使我没完没了地听这种谎话

【反义词】appease ,delight, calm

记住了又忘了，该如何是好？

这很正常，关键在于记了还要时刻懂得使用。

fragile
【词义】
adj.（形容词）
#Easily broken, damaged, or destroyed; frail.
脆的：易被打碎的、易被破坏或毁坏的；脆弱的
#Lacking physical or emotional strength; delicate.
虚弱的，脆弱的：缺乏体力或情感力量的；易受伤的
#Lacking substance; tenuous or flimsy:
虚弱的：缺乏实质的；无力的或没有价值的：
a fragile claim to fame.
对名誉不切实际的欲望
【同义词辨析】weak， feeble， frail， fragile， infirm， decrepit， debilitated
These adjectives mean lacking or showing a lack of strength.
这些形容词表示缺乏力量的或显示出力量缺乏的。
1.Weak, the most widely applicable, implies lack of physical, mental, or spiritual strength or deficiency of will or purpose:
Weak 是最广泛应用的，表明缺少体力上的、智力上的或精神上力量的或意志力和目的意识不足的：
“These poor wretches . . . were so weak they could hardly sit to their oars” (Daniel Defoe).
“这些可怜的穷人…那么虚弱以致几乎不能坐到他们的桨那里” （丹尼尔·笛福）。
“Like all weak men he laid an exaggerated stress on not changing one's mind” (W. Somerset Maugham).
“象所有可怜的人一样，他把过分的压力加诸于不改变想法” (W.索默塞特·马海姆）。
2.Feeble suggests pathetic or grievous physical or mental weakness or hopeless inadequacy:
Feeble 表明可怜的、悲惨的体力上或智力上的虚弱或没有希望的不足：
a feeble patient;
虚弱的病人；
a feeble intellect;
弱智；
a feeble effort.
无用的努力。
“We, who were the tall pine of the forest, have become a feeble plant and need your protection” (Red Jacket).
“我们，森林中的高大松树，已经变成虚弱无力的植物，需要你们的保护” （莱德·杰克特）。
3.Frail implies delicacy, as of constitution, or lack of ability to endure or withstand:
Frail 表明易损或缺乏持久能力的，如建筑：
“an aged thrush, frail, gaunt, and small,/In blast-beruffled plume” (Thomas Hardy).
“一只脆弱、瘦削且小巧，被风吹乱羽毛的老鸫” （托马斯·哈代）。
“Frail is our happiness, if this be so” (John Milton).
“脆弱是我们的幸福，如果真是那样的话” （约翰·弥尔顿）。
What is 4. fragile is easily broken, damaged, or destroyed:
Fragile 的意思是易折断的、易受损的或被毁坏的；
“a fragile dewdrop” (John Keats).
“易碎的露珠” （约翰·济慈）。
“This city is for the King, whose body is fragile, a very unhealthy city” (Lord Dunsany).
“这座城市是为躯体脆弱的国王准备的，一座非常不健康的城” （顿萨尼勋爵）。
5.Infirm implies enfeeblement:
Infirm 表明易碎：
“a poor, infirm, weak, and despis'd old man” (Shakespeare).
“一个可怜的、蹒跚的、虚弱的且被人看不起的老人” （莎士比亚）。
6.Decrepit describes what is weakened, worn out, or broken down by hard use or the passage of time:
Decrepit 是描述由于过多使用或时间长而被弱化、磨损或毁坏的东西：
“childhood, manhood, and decrepit age” (Francis Quarles).
“童年，成年和老年” （弗朗西斯·阔勒斯）。
7.Debilitated suggests a gradual impairment of energy or strength:
Debilitated 表明能量或力量的逐渐损失：
Her already debilitated constitution is being further weakened by overwork and smoking.
她那本已虚弱的身体由于劳累过度和抽烟而变得更弱了

blameworthy adj.
【词义】
Deserving blame; reprehensible.
该受责备的；应受指摘的
【同义词】blameworthy， blamable， blameful， censurable， culpable， guilty， reprehensible
The central meaning shared by these adjectives is “meriting reproof or punishment”:
这些形容词共有的中心含义为“应受责备或惩罚的”：
blameworthy if not criminal behavior;
就算不是犯罪行为，也该受责备；
blamable but understandable resentment;
不应该的但可理解的怨恨；
blameful capriciousness;
该受责备的变化无常；
censurable misconduct;
该受谴责的不良行为；
culpable negligence;
应受处罚的疏忽；
secret guilty deeds;
无人知晓的罪行；
reprehensible arrogance.
应受指责的傲慢
【反义词】blameless，innocent

sterile adj.
【词义】
#Not producing or incapable of producing offspring.
不生育的：不生育或无生育能力的
#Not producing or incapable of producing seed, fruit spores, or other reproductive structures. Used of plants or their parts.
不结果的：不产生或不能产生种子、果实孢子或其它繁殖结构的。用于植物或其部分
#Producing little or no vegetation; unfruitful:
贫瘠的：不产生或产生极少植被的；不结果实的：
sterile land.
贫瘠的土地
#Free from live bacteria or other microorganisms:
无菌的：没有活菌或其它微生物的：
a sterile operating area; sterile instruments.
无菌手术区；无菌器材
#Lacking imagination, creativity, or vitality.
枯燥无味的：缺少想象力、创造力或生气的
#Lacking the power to function; not productive or effective; fruitless:
无结果的：没有运行能力的；无结果的或影响力的；无成果的：
a sterile discussion.
无结果的讨论

【同义词辨析】sterile， infertile， barren， unfruitful， impotent
These adjectives in literal usage mean not producing or unable to produce offspring; figuratively they suggest a lack of productiveness. To be sterile is to be incapable of reproducing; by extension the term implies a lack of vitality, creativity, or effectiveness:
这些形容词字面意义是不育的或无能力生育的；比喻意义为不具备多产性的。
1.Sterile 指无繁殖能力的， 其扩充涵义为缺乏生气、创造性或影响力的：
a sterile conclusion;
无影响力的结果；
sterile pleasures.
枯燥的娱乐。
2.Infertile is synonymous with sterile :
Infertile 是Sterile 的同义词：
an infertile imagination.
缺乏创新的想象力。
3.Barren especially describes one who has tried and failed to have children; it can also apply to what is devoid of profit, interest, or enjoyment:
Barren 尤指尝试过但不能生育孩子的人；也可用于指没有利益、兴趣或快乐的东西：
barren efforts;
无效的努力；
barren praise.
不真心的赞赏。
4.Unfruitful literally means not bearing fruit or offspring and figuratively means not having a useful result:
Unfruitful 字面意思为不结果实或生育的，比喻意义为没有一个有用结果的：
an unfruitful discussion.
没有结果的讨论。
5.Impotent specifies the inability of a male to engage in sexual intercourse; in a general sense it implies powerlessness:
Impotent 具体指男性不能过性生活的；广义上意味着无能力的：
impotent rage.
无奈的气愤

【反义词】fertile，， fecund， fruitful， productive， prolific

这些形容词所共有的中心意思是“有极高的生产力的”：
fertile farmland; 肥沃的农田；
a fecund imagination; 丰富的想象力；
fruitful efforts; 丰硕的成果；
a productive meeting; 富有成效的会议；
a prolific writer. 多产的作家

chastise
#To punish, as by beating.
惩罚：通过痛打等惩罚
#To criticize severely; rebuke.
严厉批评；责难
#Archaic To purify.
【古语】 使纯洁

【同义词辨析】punish， correct， discipline， castigate， penalize
These verbs mean to subject a person to a penalty, such as loss, pain, or confinement, for an offense, a sin, or a fault.
这些动词的意思是使某人因为冒犯、罪过或过错而受到如损失、痛苦或监禁等惩罚。
1.Punish is the least specific:
Punish 的意思是最不具体的：
“The individual who refuses to defend his rights when called by his Government . . . must be punished as an enemy of his country and friend to her foe” (Andrew Jackson).
2.To correct is to punish so that the offender will mend his or her ways:
被国家所召集却拒绝维护他的权利的个人…一定被当作自己国家的敌人和国家敌人的朋友而受到惩罚 （安德鲁·杰克逊）。Corret 意指惩罚以使冒犯者改正他或她的习惯：
Regulations formerly permitted prison wardens to correct unruly inmates.
规章制度从前曾允许监狱的典狱长惩罚不守规矩的犯人。
3.Chastise implies punishment, such as corporal punishment or a verbal rebuke, as a means of effecting improvement in behavior:
Chastise 表示作为使行为进步的一种方式的惩罚，如体罚或口头上的责备等：
chastise a bully by giving him a thrashing;
给这个欺侮弱者的人一顿鞭打以作惩罚；
was roundly chastised for insolence.
因为傲慢而受到一顿惩罚。
4.Discipline stresses punishment inflicted by an authority in order to control an offender or to eliminate or reform unacceptable conduct:
Discipline 强调权力机关为控制冒犯者或免除、改革不能被接受的行为所施加的惩罚：
The worker was disciplined for insubordination.
这个工人因为不服从而受到惩罚。
5.Castigate means to censure or criticize severely, often in public:
Castigate 常指在公共场合谴责或严肃地批评：
The judge castigated the attorney for badgering the witness.
法官因为辩护律师纠缠目击证人而谴责了他。
6.Penalize usually implies a monetary penalty or the forfeiture of a privilege or gain because rules or regulations have been broken:
Penalize 通常指因违反规则或惯例而施行的罚金或导致特权或利益的丧失：
Those who file their income-tax returns after April 15 will be penalized.
那些在4月15日以后才填写收入所得税申报书的人将被罚款

environ

【词义】
#To encircle; surround.
包围, 环绕
【记忆法】名词environment环境
【同义词】environ，surround， circle， compass， encircle， encompass， gird， girdle， ring
The central meaning shared by these verbs is “to lie around and bound on all sides”:
这些动词共有的中心意义是“四周延伸并限制每边”：
oases environed by the desert;
沙漠包围着的绿洲；
a city surrounded by suburbs;
被郊区包围着的城市；
a crown circling a king's head;
环绕国王头部的皇冠；
a mountain peak compassed by fog;
雾气缭绕的山峰；
a belt encircling her waist;
围在她腰部的皮带；
a lake that encompasses an island;
环绕小岛的湖泊；
a castle girded by a moat;
护城河围绕的城堡；
gardens girdling a bird bath;
围绕鸟澡盆的花园；
a dinner table ringed with guests.
围坐着客人的餐桌

mediocre

【词义】Moderate to inferior in quality; ordinary.
普通的：质量中等偏下的；一般的
【同义词辨析】average， medium， mediocre， fair， middling， indifferent， tolerable
These adjectives indicate rank or position around the middle of a scale of evaluation.
这些形容词均表示某一估价之中间附近之等级或位置。
1.Average and medium apply to what is midway between extremes on such a scale; usually they imply both sufficiency and lack of distinction:
Average 和medium 用于指某一程度两极值间的中部；通常它们均指充分性及不加区别性：
a novel of average merit;
一个中等优秀的小说；
an orange of medium size.
中等大小的桔子。
2.Mediocre stresses the undistinguished aspect of what is average:
Mediocre 强调了作为中等者不加区分的方面：
“The caliber of the students . . . has gone from mediocre to above average” (Judy Pasternak).
“学生们的能力…，已从普通升为高于中等” （朱迪·帕斯特耐克）。
3.What is fair is passable but substantially below excellent:
而fair 指可及格的但次于优秀的：
a fair student;
一个尚好的学生；
in fair health;
健康状况尚好；
have a fair idea of what's going on.
对发生的事有清晰的概念。
4.Middling refers to middle position between best and worst:
Middling 指最好与最差的中心位置：
gave a middling performance at best.
尽力给予中等程度的表演。
5.Indifferent applies to what is of less than striking character, being neither very good nor very bad:
Indifferent 指不会引起轰动的特征，既不很好也不很差：
“One and the same thing can at the same time be good, bad, and indifferent, e.g., music is good to the melancholy, bad to those who mourn, and neither good nor bad to the deaf” (Spinoza). “同一件事物在同一时间可以是好的、坏的、一般的，例如，音乐对忧郁者来说是好的，对悲哀者来说是坏的，对耳聋者来说既不好也不坏” （斯宾诺莎）。
6.Something that is tolerable is merely acceptable:
tolerable 只指可接受的事物：
prepared a tolerable dinner.
准备了凑合的晚餐。

Well well study and day day up !

哈哈～～～～一次看不完，下载了看，多谢拉